The first ship was probably nothing more than a log used to cross a stream. That journey may have taken place 15,000 or more years ago and it was to be repeated many times in the centuries that followed. At some stage, two or more logs were fastened together to form a raft. A log was hollowed out to form a boat and paddles and oars were invented to propel it.

By the end of 19th century, steel was being used instead of wood for some ships, but the change was gradual. Steam was used at sea for the first time in the early 19th century, but did not become widespread for several decades. Coal costs money, while the wind is free. And coal also took up space that could otherwise be used for cargo.

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